Ladies Wearing Pantygirdles

The integration process of Europe

Osservatorio Community

Domenico Primerano *

E urope Direct of the Province of Catanzaro is a European center, located inside the UN building, in Red Square, which acts as an intermediary between the European Union citizens and institutions locally and regionally. Its mission is to effectively promote the idea of \u200b\u200bthe European community by allowing citizens and public institutions and / or private, to obtain information, assistance, answers to questions and advice in key European Union. The issues that are answered in the Centre relate to institutions and EU legislation, policies, programs and opportunities for projects and applications for grants made available by the European Union and with the mediation of national and regional authorities either directly with its institutions. The Centre actively promotes local and regional debate about the European Union and its policies to allow European institutions to improve disclosure of information and to adapt them to local and regional needs, and offers citizens the opportunity to provide feedback to the European institutions in form of questions, opinions and suggestions; makes the search for partners at local, national and transnational levels. In carrying out the mission of communicating the European community, the Center complies with the guidelines of the European Commission adapting them to local and regional context. This means that in addition to the actions of information and communication, plays an important action and training in key European, particularly aims to raise awareness of European institutions, and to understand the European Union enlargement.

Understanding Enlargement

For half a century, according to Olli Rehn, Member of the European Commission responsible for enlargement, the European Union is committed to a progressive process of integration and open at the same time to new members. In most cases, the two trials were held in parallel, leading to the current efforts of the EU: 27 States and a population of about 500 million people today to create a safer, more prosperous, stronger and more influential than the European Economic Community from which we started 50 years ago, consists of 6 members with less than 200 million people.

The process of European integration has resulted from the outset, the accession of new members. The enlargement debate is as old as the union itself. With each new accession, the EU changes its face. Reflecting on what we might become, it forces us to reflect on what we are and what we want to be in the future.

Although it proved a great success for the union, enlargement to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, which took place between 2004 and 2007, served as a scapegoat for the socio-economic disparate. In fact, this last round of enlargement has widened the area of \u200b\u200bpeace, stability and democracy on our continent, strengthening the European economy, thanks to wider markets, creating new jobs and allowing the entry of the common market economies rapid growth. The EU is now the largest economic the world. An internal market largest and new economic opportunities to ensure greater prosperity and European competitiveness.

The democratically elected governments of EU Member States, meeting within the European Council decided that future enlargements will affect the countries involved in the process of EU accession: Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, L 'Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, including Kosovo and Turkey.

Each country can only join when they will meet the requirements. A process of gradual and carefully managed enlargement goes to the full benefit of all countries involved.

Who can join?

During its evolution, the EU has been establishing detailed requirements for membership in order to ensure clarity for citizens and to provide guidance to countries wishing to join.

According to Article 49 TEU, it can become a member of any European country that shares the principles of freedom, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law.

To become a member of the EU, a country must bring together all the necessary criteria for membership laid down by the Copenhagen European Council in 1993 and reaffirmed in 1995, namely: 1

degrees on the political stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities;

2 degrees on the economy: an economy functioning market and competition law;

3 ° the ability to assume obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union;

4 th adoption entire body of Community legislation.

Who decides?

The accession of a new member shall be decided unanimously by all EU Member States' governments democratically elected, meeting within the Council of Ministers or the European Council.

When a country applies for EU membership, the governments of member states agree in the Council (after having consulted the European Commission) to accept the nomination, if you recognize the country as a candidate. Similarly, the member states to decide when and under what conditions open and close the accession negotiations with candidate countries in individual policy areas.

order for the candidate country becomes a member country, it is necessary that the project accession treaty is signed and initialed by each member state and the country concerned, then follows the ratification by Member States and the acceding country in accordance with their institutional procedures. It 'also planned, the agreement of the European Parliament, elected directly by European citizens.

* Responsible Europe Direct

- Central Europe for all "in the Province of Catanzaro-

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Current Vittorio Foa

Pentagramma

Matthew David Scorza

I the 20 October last failed one of the leading intellectuals who not only left but the thought of all the Italian culture has produced since the war then. Vittorio Foa has died after a long life at the forefront: in the partisan struggle against the Germans and fascists before and after the parliamentary politics and active in a literary and journalistic analyzed with wide-ranging rigor and intellectual honesty many aspects that have characterized recent sixty years of our country.

Vittorio Foa was anti-fascist of the first hour, with entry into the movement Justice and Liberty of the Rosselli brothers back in 1933, several years before the racial laws. His efforts against the regime of Mussolini also cost him seven years in prison, from 1936 to 1943, worth a warning, in the case of Foa as all those who experienced the hard way the fascist prisons - some of whom died in the - for all those who, even pride in its institutional role, they want to pass the impractical idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence two distinct historical phases of fascism as a dividing line using the racial laws of war and the alliance with Hitler's Germany, where what happened before these events are supposed to be considered as something acceptable.

already inside the prison and following his release from prison, with the '43 entry in the Action Party, Foa had the opportunity to share policy ideas and experience with some of the Resistance main proponents of thought-European as Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, who with Poster Ventotene traced the ideological line of the process of European unification.

As a member of the Constituent Assembly took part in the drafting of the Constitution, whose value and relevance in today rimangomo unchanged in respect of his liberal spirit, anti-totalitarian and democratic, despite the continuous cross-accusations of anachronism and the many attempts to change more or less radical which it is subjected.

Since the late '40s Vittorio Foa has divided its efforts between the work of journalists, the three terms of parliamentary deputy from the ranks of the PSI, and that of trade union leader. Just in this area, first by menbro of the National Secretariat of the CGIL and then as secretary of the National FIOM, demonstrated a rare ability to analyze the socio-economic fabric of the country and far-sighted planning to take actions to protect the rights of workers, echoing the policy of the worker who foretold the experience that really took shape during the '70s.

Even political experience in the strict sense of Foa has demonstrated its capacity to anticipate developments and requirements that would then imposed years later. After the experience in PSIUP followed the division inside the Socialist Party, became leader of the Proletarian Unity Party, with which you placed the goal of create a political force that the left revolutionary groups oriented toward the prospect of a credible alternative government and not just fight, essentially anticipating a breakthrough in timing and content of the choice of the PCI Berlinguer with the historic compromise. In lists of PCI, as an independent, Foa was elected to the Senate in the X term, then participating in the transition from the Communist Party to PDS.

The literary scholar of Turin has throughout the history of Italian democracy touching various topics, with special attention to the changes that have incurred the economic structure of production and product hano these reflections on the lives of workers and organization of the trade union movement. The constant affirmation of the value of anti elemtno destoricizzato as partisan and exaltation of experience have also occupied an important role in the work of Vittorio Foa, particularly in recent years.

The importance of the thought of which seem Foa remains relevant even after his death. He was considered one of the last historical actively able to tell the partisan experience to succeeding generations their own. The value of this story remains intact when one considers how the historical memory of resistance is continually attacked and even imputenemente by establishment figures, who seek the other hand also to rehabilitate the fascist regime and clear and its supposed "morality."

But the lesson of Vittorio Foa becomes even more compelling reading in its curriculum policy, the fight against a totalitarian regime to establish a democratic system to continuous efforts aimed to implementation of the principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic. For this reason its civil commitment can only push the indignation toward the current political situation, characterized by a democratically elected executive but that goes beyond the daily functions of Parliament and as a reflection of the sovereign people.

Paty Navida Encuerada

Third Edition of Art in Progress On the stage of

The angle of the culture

Maria Grazia Leo

M omentum of joy, amazement, amusement for the citizens of all ages!

's so that the Tourism Department of Roberto Talarico-Catanzaro led by a young politician, full of initiatives and really want to do - has organized and staged for the capital region of the third Festival Review "Art in Progress" , to be held from Friday, December 19 to Sunday 21 of March.

Course in Art is a way and also a means by which the council has created for to perform in a multitude of street artists who wish to offer with their natural creativity and passion into a riot of sounds, colors numbers, bizarre, funny gags and acrobatic shows.

parterre What could be better used if not the renowned Corso Mazzini, supported and flanked by the many features of "streets" that give at Christmas time the city atmosphere rich in colors and flavors of the past?

The theater found its way into the stage, the circus and not only found the roof as the sky ... while the tapes, flaming torches, the many jokes and red noses will be the showcase of the explosion of magic 'art to enchant and delight the present.

All least in the joy of a moment, the young child will be able to revive in us. And the serenity will be Christmas.

This light and the cultural message in a way that the various politicians who administer the city offer. "Art in Progress" by everyone expects approval and appreciation.

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Soverato, a crackling Flavio Insinna

The angle of the culture

Maria GraziaLeo

D ebutta with "No Swing" the theatrical season that the municipal authorities of Soverato, its commissioner for culture and artistic director Sonia Munizzi John Carpanzano variegatamene have wisely and set up.

The Red Badge of 2008-2009 is well known and said it was for the actor and Flavio Insinna. (Not to forget his sympathy and his literary notes in "Your Business" last year?)

Directed by Giampiero Solari, Insinna accompanied by a band of musicians will perform live on a platform rotating, we ran- call-a monologue of many voices, imitating with linguistic expressions, gestures, facial expressions, varied and different characters all exercising the role of the military. The barracks was located in northern Italy - Legnano-in, and stood between the soldiers and the soldiers Virgili Balloon and Marshal Bellini. The first two while avoiding the hard toil of the soldiers try to evidence be included in the marching band at the existing barracks. Balloon believing in friendship and solidarity of the body relies on Virgili Bellini to be presented to the sergeant who leads the band ... In Balloon straight line will never be reported as a violinist and a guitar, Virgili because everything wants to ingratiate himself all alone Marshal Bellini, without valid competitors. It succeeds well! Become outside-with the help of a friend who worked at the RAI in the music of Bellini-right arm, acting as producer and arranger of musical texts. A role that allows him to have allowed many to leave Legnano and return to his birthplace and residence-Rome-to play and run rather than duties and obligations office at the Ministry of Defence, pleasures and "issues sentimental "of personal and private relevance.

meanwhile ... Balloon from his friend tried various exercises and courses the hard life of the reserved military, attempts suicide and is therefore transferred to the military hospital in Rome.

All this does not cause a wrinkle in Virgili. Invited by Marshal Bellini to visit him on behalf of all his comrades in the name of their friendship, he went to Rome hospital but does not enter the ball room. Once again predominate in him, selfishness, indifference and a desire to be better and superior to the other at any cost, no rules, no morality without the courage of the responsibilities of work, just for interest.

The band of the barracks in Legnano meanwhile forge well enough, despite all the difficulties and patience volutaci in the tests which have served to bring together military / Italian citizens from all over the peninsula-island-including accents, traditions, intuitive abilities, ambitions, dreams and different cultures. So much so that the band gets the 'task of playing at the NATO base al'ambasciatore in front of Naples, the American consul and all the U.S. military present.

The emotion is so much agitation in the Marshal Bellini, because he wants to be ready at the event and make beautiful, beautiful, figure. Followed days of intense preparations, Virgili which the soldier is called to respond and perform all required music by Bellini. The purpose of Virgil and the usual. Do not miss the train of convenience, the comforts, privileges and freedoms that are always exceptions to the barracks, if not illusions.

The outcome of the evening at the NATO base is a time-after block of the band - a huge success, so that pushes the Marshal to issue a Bellini Virgili life lessons, on the strength and the will of the group, on the passion for things and the work that must be achieved through sacrifice and dignity ... but it's all vain! Virgili has another ambition to carry on, take the place of Marshal Bellini at the helm of the band. Makes all-out impossible to have him transferred to another position higher and away from Legnano, Milan. Bellini understands all the subtle, shrewd and shameless of Virgil becomes leader of the military band music but without the historical players, leaving the barracks to follow their true and authentic than the Director-Bellini-who finally restores the group include the deserving soldier Pallone.

The Swing Without Flavio Insinna, with authenticity and joy of a story with the "normal" life gives the military a lesson: The truth always comes to light at the end, loyalty is reestablished as justice. Virgili becomes the symbol of those who remain left to fend for himself, his cunning, his ego dreams ... however, the quality and sincerity of human souls continue to live and vibrate, in the everyday life of each day.

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HI-TEC "Coffee Machine"

It seems that nobody wants to get serious about my passion for coffee . "Too wishy-washy " ... I am told, with a wry smile. I do not answer either! The coffee, if well fact, has the dignity, (not least, trust me) amount of . Large cup means more time to drink it and relax, inhaling the fumes warm and aromatic. What say you ... comfortable. Warm, like an old friend.
More! E ' socializing, why not just finish it for a few fleeting minutes at the bar!
It 's a call for calm . Regardless of caffeine content ...

last trip to America, I reported a " Absolutely Hi-Tec Coffee Machine" , with revolutionary features! And a few days ago, the aisles of the supermarket, I found the coffee right. It only needs a couple of spoons, and you're done! The only problem is finding who sells the filters. My American Stock will not last forever ...! But what I miss America??

Gaby Hey, thanks for your "Hi-Tec Coffee Machine" ... easy to use and easy to wash ... Here Nobody Can Understand my "American Coffee passion " Italians ... !.... You know Them very well, do not you? Well, say "hello" to Durham and ... Have a delightful cup of coffee with us !!!!!!!

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not only flamenco: the new sound wave of Spanish literature Barack

Prooemium

Mario Astarita

Critics are now nearly all agree that English literature is being crossed by a new wave of best-selling book that has shaken the world market. footsteps of Cervantes, Quevedo and Unamuno English literature is reaping one success after another on the cutting edge of new authors on the literary. The bookshelves are full of English fiction novels that not only highly successful but that the public likes. And so. Books like "The Shadow of the Wind" by Carlos Ruiz Zafon (Mondadori), "The Cathedral of the Sea" by Ildefonso Falcones (Longanesi), "The light of God" by Juan Gomez Jurado (Longanesi), "The Last Cato of Matilde Asensi (Sonzogno), "The bible of clay" by Julia Navarro (Mondadori), "Secret Supper" by Javier Sierra (Tropea), and we could go on and on, are shaking the publishing market. What is the lowest common denominator of all these works? No doubt that novels are well written, with compelling storylines, with the debut authors who have cornered the market in a short editorial. But the truth is another and that is: these historical novels - much like the religious public and especially marketing. The texts of the new English literature is a well-focused mix of history, mystery, culture, love, intrigue, with a style that mixes various genres and blends them into one whole. Most of the time seems almost follow a film of the '50s and '60s, so that the plot is compelling. The truth is that even now the English literature was dragged out of the neo-realism and anti-Franco is getting closer and closer to the literary style which has been operating normally in the Anglo-Saxon literature, that the mystery genre - fantasy or fact has long been an established tradition. A new era is making its way to the English literature: a road perhaps a little 'uphill, but it will be a long road, which will surely bring to the forefront of the English literary world publishing scene. This is just the beginning!

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ObamaPresidente: a new chapter in the history of world politics

Editorial

Erminia Chiodo

New Yo rk L 'Empire State Building and ' already illuminated in blue 'for hours and not yet been officially attributed to the votes of the California Democratic candidate Barack Obama when CNN proclaimed President of the United States giving rise to what will go 'down in history as the day that has forever changed not only the course of American politics but in the world .

The day the dream of Martin Luther King 'come true', in which hope and faith have won, in which the Americans have elected their first black president, offering a great example of true democracy, "we're back to being citizens who decide the fate of their country and show the world what and 'real America" John said while celebrating the festive feast that invests in the streets of New York, Times Square to Harlem, already 'at midnight on November 4. For Bob, the African-American Bronx, "what 's happened today and' a very important thing because 'shows that nothing' impossible '.

After nearly 21 months of campaigning in recent weeks threatened by a dangerous racist or xenophobic, described by The New York Times as the most 'scary that remember American history, and which saw the Republicans focus on personal attacks on the African American senator, called regular Barack Hussein Obama rallies, and regularly accused of abetting the terrorists, Obama has won his battle, winning 52% of the votes compared to 47% of the opponent McCain.

A victory that the president, speaking to the crowd moved and elated that invade Grant Park in Chicago, called it "the victory of the American people, your victory. The strength of America-Obama shouted into the night in Chicago-is not its military power but the ability to create democracy, freedom and opportunity. "

From Phoenix, his headquarters, McCain and 'congratulated Obama, saying that his victory "honor America" \u200b\u200band now Republicans and Democrats must work together to lift the nation from the crisis that hit hard, but this morning the outgoing President George W. Bush offered his support and his support for Obama, calling with his wife Michelle and two daughters to the White House.

Honeymoon with America's new president, as someone said, or signals and confirmation of how much change was necessary in a nation that inherits from the eight years of the disastrous Bush administration's wars and the worst financial crisis in the history of the world economy since 1929?

voting for Obama the American people have decided to return to the dream to win the cynicism, the strength of man before the power, ideas and thoughts on military barbarism.

While the celebrations continue and tears in what 's been called the' Obama Day ", the newly elected president and 'already' fully aware of the difficult situation that must 'face in the coming months," we need to work hard "- he said in one of his first statements, announcing its intention to present his team already 'before the G20 summit scheduled for the goal' of this month.

A team that promises to be "Clinton", given the chance 'to appoint treasure Lawerence Summers, former' Minister during the Clinton administration, Hillary and Justice.

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John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1000 days of passion ended in blood

Future past

Domenico Iozzo

At 45 years after his death, the election of Obama represents the dawn of the democratic awakening

Q uarantacinque years ago, on November 22, 1963, died assassinated in Dallas with a gunshot to the neck, John Fitzgerald Kennedy. With him died the dream of American democracy that had accompanied and impressed the voters for only 1000 days. Elected president of the United States of America, took office in January 1961 at the age of 43 years, second son of nine children, was the first Catholic president in American history, the first president born in the twentieth century and, unfortunately, the youngest to die while still in office. Famous advocate of freedom and democratic values, believes the bearer of equality and fervent popularizer of the concepts of peace and social solidarity, was a figure beloved by the American people hated but often at the apex of power. Unforgettable inaugural speech in which he spoke well of the need for all Americans to be active citizens: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." In one of the famous speeches of the New Frontier, asked the nations of the world to join in the fight against what he called "the common enemies of mankind ... The tyranny, poverty, disease and war." After these words the story, not just American, he changed.

brilliant political career and the support of family took him to the presidential chair for him at times very uncomfortable: the foreign policy such as saw him busy in solving the critical relationship with Cuba originated from the numerous terrorist attacks during the previous government in implementation of the Eisenhower plan aimed at removing the socialist leader Fidel Castro by the guide of the Caribbean archipelago. Following the failed attempt of landing in the Bay of Pigs invasion - which threw discredit on the image of Kennedy's wishes overturned because of his campaigning so that, even today, the conspiracy theorists believe that the assassination was a result of liability related to military failure - the fear grew around the "missile crisis" because of military base that the Russians built in Cuba in response to what the U.S. had installed in Turkey. JFK, while contrasting with those of officials and ministers, instead of launching a military strike that would have started a nuclear war, he ordered a naval blockade and started negotiations with the Soviets: in exchange for the withdrawal of the missiles, Khrushchev Kennedy obtained from the formal commitment not to attack the military ' island of Cuba foil, so, major disasters have already been announced. The effects of the failure counter, however, still remain: the UN General Assembly voted a few days ago for the 17th consecutive year, the end of the embargo, called for by President Kennedy that the U.S. government maintains against Cuba for nearly 50 years.

stating that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable", Kennedy sought to contain the spread of communism in Latin America by founding the Alliance for Progress with the aim of send aid to nations in distress and to seek to impose a greater respect for human rights in the region. Instituted during the first year of his presidency, the Peace Corps - a program Volunteer aimed at developing countries that still exists - which remains one of the most enduring legacy of the Kennedy administration. Although in 1954 it was banned racial segregation in schools, in many places in the country, and especially in the South, he continued to keep blacks away from whites, in this climate of hatred and anger Kennedy supported the cause of Martin Luther King, bringing with him during the election campaign of 1960 the wife of Reverend already imprisoned. Courageous decision and uncomfortable, but that led to his election win earning him the consent of the blacks, but also the many whites who believed in equality and opportunity to live in a society freedom and civil. Nor can we forget the Vietnam issue, recalling that in 1963 JFK had ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 men from the front. He arrived in a historical period marked by the complexity of racial segregation, which poisons the society of those years, Kennedy - reminding humanity and simplicity with which it conducted the life (now not private) with his family and his sons in the House Bianca - has certainly been the sense of change, a breath of fresh air so strong it swept away all doubt: the heroes, courageous people and bearers of good for your country may exist and may take the guise of politicians, presidents the greatest power the world.

In his first speech as president of the United States, Barack Obama said "nothing is impossible in America" \u200b\u200brestoring force at the American dream and announced that the much-needed change finally "arrived." A multiracial crowd, thrilled to the excitement felt the need to exercise their right to vote to demand a change in direction after eight years of Republican office, which opened with the war and ended with the war to more aggravated the economic crisis. The first black president - who has managed to raise the voice of the people against an opponent upon himself still bore the marks of an ugly past Vietnam called - can only respond with the facts now that the promise of restoring hope to those who feel abandoned or at the margins of society by showing that America is strong and compact even on the battlefield of civil rights. The dawn of the democratic awakening has barely begun.

" A man does what he is doing his duty, whatever the personal consequences, such that the obstacles, dangers or pressures. This is the basis of all morality human "

JFK

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Private schools, public money

in italics

will again present the speech given by Piero Calamandrei the third congress of the Association in Defence of the national school (Adsn) in Rome on 11 February 1950.

F acciamo the hypothesis, so theoretically, there is a ruling party, a ruling party, which, however, formally wants to respect the constitution, not want to violate the substance. Does not want to march on Rome and transform the classroom space for the paddles, but wants to establish, without opinion, a disguised dictatorship. So, what to do to gain control of schools and to transform schools into state schools of the party? He realizes that the schools have been failing to be impartial. There is some resistance, in those schools is always there, even under fascism has been there.

Then the dominant party follows another path (it's all a theoretical hypothesis, mind you). starts to neglect the public schools, to discredit, to impoverish. let you anemizzino and begins to encourage schools private.Non all private schools. schools of his party, that party. And then all the treatments start to go to these schools private.Cure of money and privileges. It begins even to advise the boys to go to these schools, because basically it says are better than those of Stato.E maybe give themselves awards, as now I will tell you, or proposes to give prizes to those citizens who are willing to send their children to public schools rather than private schools. A "those" schools private.Gli exams are easier, unless you study and you can meglio.Così the private school becomes a privileged school. The ruling party, unable to openly state schools to transform schools into party schools to send in the dogs was to give priority to private schools. Beware, my friends, this conference this is the point that we must discuss.

Warning, this is the ricetta.Bisogna keep an eye on the cooks of this low kitchen. The operation is done in three ways: I have already said - to ruin the State schools. let them go to hell. depleting their budgets. Ignore their needs. Mitigating the supervision and control over private schools. not check the reliability. Let teachers teach you do not have the minimum qualifications to teach. Let the examinations are jokes. - Giving public money to private schools. This is the point. Giving public money to private schools.

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The Last Lecture

Viewpoints

Marzia Bonacci

Q uattordici October the his lectio leave from academic life at the Aula Magna of the University of Turin. Father of "weak thought", which destroys the dogmas and ideological fanaticism for a free and plural society, Gianni Vattimo salutes the university after 44 years. Here's what he told this experience, but also politics, society and the world that we have become not only the future that awaits the philosophy

Forty years of academic life that officially broke down in an autumn day when he held his farewell lecture at the Aula Magna of the University of Turin, it also saw Dean of the Faculty of Humanities. It must be asking yourself in what spirit and what considerations Gianni Vattimo comes close to this time, after intense intellectual and political life. That's why we asked some questions, trying to make an assessment, although it is possible to do so, these 44 years of existence, not just philosophical. Decades rich, in which the thinker has a 360 degrees from books and reading in the European Parliament (1999-2004), the thought on many major newspapers (La Repubblica and La Stampa) participation in various committees of scientific journals and Italian foreign, through the honorary degrees that many universities around the world have given him, until the recognition of Grand Officer of Merit of the Italian Republic. But above all, considered the founding father of the "weak thought, philosophical and political development that challenges the ethical dogmatism and intolerance, and that aspires to a pluralistic society and libertarian. Weak, then, because according to the force (assumed and self-proclaimed) the dogmas of the fanaticism of the principles, the party that claims to be right on all.

Over forty years of academic life that are closed, at least formally, with a public lecture on October 14 at the University of Turin. How do you feel sir? I feel sad not because I leave the university, but as I leave . Even though I am aware that it is not my responsibility. When I joined I had much more hope and the situation justified: it was 1964 and was preparing for 1968, this year, during its forty years, has been deprecated by many.

An error of assessment? Yes, because the university at the time, although the open questions and inherited from the future, it was a great university: there was still a political vitality and students demonstrating a commitment to social change. Today all this is gone, but otherwise dominate the current government attempts to make academia a 'company mainly aimed at chasing economic goals, not just a private company that wants to earn, as in America, but even in the service of economic development. Even the EU's Lisbon agenda, which has inspired many university initiatives, is a program of the knowledge society that is basically aimed at intensifying scientific research and technological efficacy, seeking a win countries and states compete for points in the GDP. All this in '68 was not there, but rather was questioned.

She said that the university has changed in the last forty years, losing the positive spirit of '68. Why? There was terrorism, then the 70 that have deeply marked, but above all there has been a change in Italian society that the university can not reflect that.

So the question to ask is how it has changed the Italian company, it has become? E 'became the capitalist society where Berlusconi wins because of the media, people are disinterested in politics, even to the point of accepting this financial crisis as if it were a natural in front of which there is much to re-do or much to re-think in relation to the dominant development model.

and philosophy professor, have a meaning and a purpose in this global era, rapid, accelerated? I've always imagined, and I continue to do so again today, as a form of critique of ideology: reflections on the value systems that guide us, their conditionality, that it is necessary to maintain the primacy of politics and thus also of philosophy. These two realities are not in fact an act of nature or a scientific-technological knowledge and related to changes in society, but refer to the values \u200b\u200bthat should guide even the sciences and technologies. Consequently, the relationship philosophy-science-technology seems to be basically thought of as the ability of a general thought which is also the common language and shared the idea of \u200b\u200bsetting limits and guidelines to them. I feel, now more than ever, linked to the definition of Leninist communism, and I like to fit in this field: the philosophy of the soviets, it is the knowledge society democratically discussed who manages or directs the technical, scientific, economic and political.

But the Italian philosophy has changed in the last forty years? The Italian philosophy has been a movement of deformation similar to that which has been left and that comes from the conviction that there is no political horizon that capitalism can at most become more compassionate. Philosophers claim objectivism, realism, opposed not only Marxism but also hermeneutics, that is they are against all forms of historical conception of philosophy, against all historical expression of philosophy. Currently, the philosophy urges to start again from "the cat is on the mat" , ie from reality, but the realism in philosophy has always been a conservative perspective that has led to acceptance of the world. The fact that these philosophical positions are mostly found in the cultural section of the Sun is emblematic of 24 hours ...

But capitalism is in crisis, at least so say many commentators in these days of financial tsunami. Perhaps you are starting a critical process, able to bring with it a new wave of thinking about what should be the philosophy? It may well be, I hope, but I'm skeptical, because we are so enveloped in the fog of media that this critical reflection, awareness of this crisis of capitalism threatens to shut off with the same attention: the bags back today ... I do not want to live in a world hungry, but I also want that people were aware that this prosperity we enjoy is the imaginary part and is achieved at the expense of others, many, too many .

So, professor, what future awaits this philosophy so realistic too, unable to go beyond the given, therefore prone to ideological and keep? I expect an anarchist attitude, the ability to exercise critical of all the absolutism that direct us: the Church that preaches the natural law as the only way possible, the business world that offers us the market as the only solution. This is the philosophy has to get rid sbaraccare and all that. Wittgenstein wrote that philosophy has the unique function or the only way to free ourselves from idols: a message is still valid today. The idols of today, for example, prevent us from having a more democratic and law are called, from time to time and in each case, the International Monetary Fund or the Church.

You formulated the so-called weak thought, where the involvement of philosophy with politics are obvious. We say that politics has always been interested, so that also boast experience as an MEP. What would the budget of those years in Strasbourg? As for my political experience in Europe, including the opinion that I expressed on my academic work: When I came to the Parliament in 1999, 'Europe was a hope open, when the' I left, was in a lifeless condition. Again, as already said about the university, through no fault of mine.

In what sense? I became Parliamentary Union in 1999 when it was hoped in the Constitution of Europe: the enlargement of the corner and we had to work on a constitution that would give the EU a more visible features, stronger, more autonomous in world politics. Now what do we have? We do not have the constitution el 'enlargement is aimed at countries that are, for historical reasons, wildly pro-American. The dream of a political alternative - and I say the opposite-American imperial power, has died. For the Italians, for example, Europe is the agency of control over our politics, such as NATO, the IMF, not a political entity. It 's very desperate. The current economic crisis could be an opportunity to revive that dream, but for now it seems that Europe has seized or taken advantage of this chance.

last question. What is the philosophy that is closest to his heart? In my academic career I worked mainly Nietzsche and Heidegger, that is, the two men who both had a reputation negative, because a philosopher was taken by the Nazis, while the other was himself for some years a pro-Nazi. thinkers are crucial because they taught us not to believe that what happens every day is normal to be the stable structure is not given once and for all, but it happens when we are involved, that being is something that we can build, undo, redo. Exactly the opposite of what being there to observe reality objectively and arrive, by law, to comply with this order as given absolute and unchanging. Their merit was to have fought objectivism, realism, the pretense of looking at things as they are for comply.

And Marx? Even Marx, but Marx weakened, that is, a Marx who is discovered with a bit of "weak thought", because he has taken over the Hegelian idea that you could get to a perfect reconciliation after the revolution. not randomly think that with a weakened Marxism, Stalin would not have been possible ... Marxism freed from a non-metaphysical view of history seems to me the only thing that, as a philosophy, one can still profess.